Learn: Think

Thinking (and sexiness) distinguish robots from mere electromechanical systems, allowing actions to be related meaningfully to measurements.
Robot Brain Hardware: A cursory overview of the famous and useful.
Robot Brain Organization: Explanation of several key robot brain structures.
Robotics Software: A cursory overview of the famous and useful.
Thinking to Sense: Driving and filtering sensors to measure the world.
Thinking to Act: Acting and acting deliberately.
Thinking to Communicate: Talk to yourself! Then talk to others.

Types of Robot Brains (Hardware)

FPGA
RTO
Microcontroller
Single-board computer
PC

Types of Robot Brains (Organization)

The Sense-Think-Act Paradigm
State Machines: Coffee Maker as a Robot
Hindbrain-Midbrain-Forebrain
Blackboard

Robotics Software

Languages:

C / Python / Your Pick
C++ (Arduino)
ROS
LabVIEW

Tools:

OpenCV

Thinking to Sense (Measuring & Filtering)

Drivers: connecting your brain to your sensors
Filtering: connecting meaning to your measurements
Thinking to Act (Control, Manipulation & Navigation)

Intro to Control Theory

PID Control
Manipulation
Navigation:

Obstacle avoidance
Mapping
Localization
SLAM
Path-planning

Thinking to Interface (Communicate)

With other computers
With humans